- Научитесь понимать английский юмор

- Научитесь понимать новости на английском (здесь можно найти аудиозаписи новостей на языке)

- Интересные рассказы английских классиков (озвученные американскими и британскими дикторами)

http://www.learn-english.ru/

Учитесь и не ленитесь! В интернете для этого масса возможностей, которые могут перекрыть массу Ваших отговорок!

Urban dictionary ( www.urbandictionary.com )

Urban dictionary - это народный словарь слэнга. "Народный" означает, что заполняют его и оценивают качество все, кому не лень. Это и есть его основное и отличие от остальных онлайн словарей и достоинство. Теперь не нужно перекапывать весь инет в поисках какого-нибудь новомодного словечка или выражения, т.к. они все уже собраны тут.

На каждое слово есть по нескольку определений, некоторые довольно остроумны. Вряд ли стоит ожидать от этого словаря четких, грамматически точных определений значений слов. Но он для этого и не предназначен.

Предупреждение: словарь без цензуры, и люди не особо церемонятся в выборе выражений.

The free dictionary ( www.thefreedictionary.com )

Бесплатный словарь, включающий в себя обычный словарь и тезаурус (250,000 статей), медицинский словарь (~ 100,000 статей), юридический (3,000), финансовый (~10,000), огромный словарь аббревиатур (500,000 статей) и фразеологизмов (~15,000). Также есть энциклопедия. Каждое слово сопровождается определением, примерами употребления. Юридические и финансовые термины - обширными пояснениями, историческими справками.

World Wide Words ( www.worldwidewords.com )

Находка для любителя необычных и редких английских слов, регулярно обновляется. Обширная коллекция ссылок на другие языковые интернет ресурсы.

Англо-русские словари

Мультитран ( www.multitran.ru )

Наверное, самый полный из российских словарей. Вдобавок, в нем есть несколько языков, включая африкаанс и латышский. Выбор профессионала.

Яндекс.Лингво ( lingvo.yandex.ru )

Тоже несколько языков, отлично подходит для того, чтобы быстро найти или вспомнить значение слова, не вдаваясь в лингвистические подробности и словоупотребление.

Следует сразу же пояснить: я - не лингвист и не знаток истории языка.

(Если интересно, кто я - можете заглянуть в мое резюме и решить, стоит ли тратить на меня свое время.) Лингвисты с опаской относятся к "предписывающим" грамматикам, которые задают стандарты "правильного" и "неправильного" употребления языка. В добрые старые времена правили грамматики требущие правильности, между тем, как я еще с тех пор качусь к черту кувырком. Профессиональные лингвисты непоколебимы в уверенности, что язык не "вырождается", и что многие способы употребления языковых конструкций, подвергнутые цензуре со стороны самозванных знатоков грамматики на самом деле являются совершенно разумными, исходя из исторических предпосылок, логических предпосылок, или и тех и других.

И они правы. Я отвергаю любую концепцию лингвистического вырождения, в соответствии с которой мы в двадцать первом веке разговариваем на захиревшей версии языка некого золотого века. Я не теряю сон по ночам от тревоги за упадок "истиннного" английского языка. (Когда я настроен пессимистично, я уверен что весь мир катится к черту. Но, с другой стороны, я также уверен, что весь мир катился к черту еще с самого начала. Когда же я настроен оптимистично, мне интересно - на самом ли деле там, куда мы катимся так уж плохо.) И еще я знаю, что у многого, считающеегося "хорошей" грамматикой или стилем для этого мало исторических и логических оснований.

* * * * *

Так зачем же я потратил столько времени на предписывающее и вполне традиционное пособие по языку? А затем, что эти заметки могут пригодиться для того, чтобы вы смогли писать яснее и эффективнее. Я тут не для того, чтобы давать окончательные утверждения о том, что правильно и что неправильно - Господь свидетель, у меня нехватило бы для этого квалификации. Однако, я могу предлагать то, что скорее всего будет работать. Как вы увидите в этом пособии, под этим я подразумеваю то, что окажет влияние на вашу аудиторию."

Jack Lynch

Текст пособия и сайт автора здесь: http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/ (на английском языке)

by Gösta Ekspong*
December 2, 1999

The research leading to an understanding of the nature of light and the emission and absorption processes has been of paramount importance. It led from a beginning in 1900 to the development of quantum physics, reaching a high peak in the 1920s and a fruition towards the mid-century years with the completion of the very successful Quantum ElectroDynamic (QED) theory.

The manner in which these achievements have been treated by the Nobel Committee for Physics is both interesting and in some cases surprising.

The Wave-Particle Duality

A particle on the classical view is a concentration of energy and other properties in space and time, whereas a wave is spread out over a larger region of space and time. The question whether light are streams of particles (corpuscles) or waves is a very old one. This "either - or" formulation was classically natural and alien to the advanced "both - and" even the "neither - nor" solution of today. Early in the nineteenth century experiments were suggested and made to show that light is a wave motion. A key figure in this endeavour was Thomas Young, one of the most intelligent and clever scientists ever to live, who studied diffraction and interference of light already in 1803 with results that gave strong support to the wave theory of Christian Huygens as opposed to the particle or corpuscular theory of Isaac Newton. Further contributions were made by many other researchers, among them Augustin Jean Fresnel, who showed that light is a transverse wave.

©Forskning och Framsteg

Thomas Young's experiment with two narrow slits inserted between the light source (here a laser) and the detector (here a screen). Waves emerging from one slit are superimposed on waves from the other slit, producing the observed interference pattern with alternate dark and bright lines on the screen.

Newton's theory of light had seemed suitable to explain the straight-line casting of sharp shadows of objects placed in a light beam. But wave theory was needed to explain interference where the light intensity can be enhanced in some places and diminished in other places behind a screen with a slit or several slits. The wave theory is also able to account for the fact that the edges of a shadow are not quite sharp.

The mathematical theory of electromagnetism by James Clerk Maxwell, set up in 1864, led to the view that light is of electromagnetic nature, propagating as a wave from the source to the receiver. Heinrich Hertz discovered experimentally the existence of electromagnetic waves at radio-frequencies in the 1880s. Maxwell died in 1879 and Hertz died only 37 years old in 1894, two years before Alfred Nobel's death.

At the end of the 19th century, which also is the time when the Nobel Prizes were instituted, the wave nature of light seemed definitely established. Thus the decisive research into the wave nature of light came too early to be considered for Nobel Prizes. However, there is one exception - the case of X-rays.

Discoveries relating to the particle nature of light belong to our century and thus one might expect Nobel Prizes be awarded for such achievements. This is almost true - but the Nobel archive tells a more complicated story as will be uncovered below.

The Nobel Prizes for X-rays

The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 was honoured by the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Röntgen had shown among many other things that X-rays like light, were propagating in straight lines but in contrast to light very penetrating through matter. Röntgen foresaw the importance to medical science of his discovery.

This discovery had so many important consequences that it well fulfills the stipulation in Alfred Nobel's will of having "conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". After 1912 when Max von Laue, who was awarded the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics, had suggested and observed refraction of X-rays did the wave picture obtain general acceptance.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Max von Laue

The interatomic distances in a crystal match quite well the wavelengths of X-rays. von Laue worked out the theory for diffraction in a 3-dimensional grating and made predictions, which were verified by the experiments of W. Friedrich and P. Knipping.

The nature of the new radiation, discovered by Röntgen in 1895, was by no means clear in 1901 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In the beginning the only property which was found in common with light was that of propagation in straight lines. As late as 1910 a heated debate occurred between Barkla and Bragg; one defending the idea that X-rays are waves like light, the other that they consist of streams of little bullets.

The Nobel Lecture by Arthur H. Compton in 1927 was entitled "X-rays as a Branch of Optics". It begins, "One of the most fascinating aspects of recent physics research has been the gradual extension of familiar laws of optics to the very high frequencies of X-rays, until at the present there is hardly a phenomenon in the realm of light whose parallel is not found in the realm of X-rays. Reflection, refraction, diffuse scattering, polarization, diffraction, emission and absorption spectra, photoelectric effect, all of the essential characteristics of light have been found also to be characteristic of X-rays. At the same time it has been found that some of these phenomena undergo a gradual change as we proceed to the extreme frequencies of X-rays, and as a result of these changes in the laws of optics we have gained new information regarding the nature of light."

Evidence for the Particle Nature of Light

In physics textbooks two phenomena are usually quoted demonstrating the particle nature of light: 1) the photoelectric effect and 2) the Compton scattering of X-rays.

In some not so critical texts a third circumstance is erronously quoted, namely Planck's discovery of energy quanta, which he did in his analysis of heat radiation. The Nobel Committee honoured this monumental discovery by the Physics Prize in 1918, but did not make the mistake to give Planck credit for having discovered the particle nature of light.

The Nobel Prize for Physics to Max Planck

Planck's discovery of what is called Planck's constant , was emphasized as motivation for his prize in 1918. This new constant of nature (with the dimension of energy multiplied by time) connects the quantum of energy with the frequency of light, , through the formula . In the presentation at the Nobel Prize ceremony in 1918 it was said , "The product is actually the smallest amount of heat which can be radiated at the vibration frequency ." Planck himself resisted the idea that light in vacuum propagates as particles, later on called photons.

As will be clear from the following, the Nobel Committee for Physics did not recognise the particle nature of light neither when awarding the 1921 Prize (awarded in 1922) to Albert Einstein "for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect," nor when in 1927 awarding Arthur Holly Compton the Physics Prize "for his discovery of the effect named after him."

The 1921 Nobel Prize to Albert Einstein (awarded in 1922)

Albert Einstein in 1905 drew the conclusion that light sometimes behaves as particles through an ingenious statistical analysis of Wien's formula for the wave length distribution of heat radiation.

Einstein saw that his new idea would provide a natural explanation of the photoelectric effect, i.e. the emission of electrons from metal surfaces illuminated by light. The wave theory of light was quite unable to do so. The motivation for the Nobel Prize to Einstein in 1922 was based on his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

Albert Einstein

Einstein repeated the statistical calculation with Planck's formula as the basis, which is more general than Wien's, and drew the conclusion that both the concept of waves and the concept of particles in the light heat bath in a cavity are called for. During a seminar discussion at the Prussian Academy in Berlin in 1909 Einstein used this new calculation in order to try to convince Planck and others present of the necessity to consider light also as consisting of a number of independent particles.

As is well known Einstein did not get the Nobel Prize for his relativity theories due to strong disbeliefs in those theories among some influential members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The 1911 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine Allvar Gullstrand was of the opinion that the correctness of Einstein's special relativity theory rested on belief - not proven facts, and the general relativity theory could in his opinion not stand a critical analysis.

Now, does not the prize to Einstein imply that the Academy recognised the particle nature of light? The Nobel Committee says that Einstein had found that the energy exchange between matter and ether occurs by atoms emitting or absorbing a quantum of energy, .

As a consequence of the new concept of light quanta (in modern terminology photons) Einstein proposed the law that an electron emitted from a substance by monochromatic light with the frequency has to have a maximum energy of , where is the energy needed to remove the electron from the substance. Robert Andrews Millikan carried out a series of measurements over a period of 10 years, finally confirming the validity of this law in 1916 with great accuracy. Millikan had, however, found the idea of light quanta to be unfamiliar and strange.

The Nobel Committee avoids committing itself to the particle concept. Light-quanta or with modern terminology, photons, were explicitly mentioned in the reports on which the prize decision rested only in connection with emission and absorption processes. The Committee says that the most important application of Einstein's photoelectric law and also its most convincing confirmation has come from the use Bohr made of it in his theory of atoms, which explains a vast amount of spectroscopic data.

Niels Henrik David Bohr

In his theory of the atoms Bohr used the law of Einstein as the basic condition for the frequency of light emitted or absorbed, when an atom makes a transition between two quantized energy levels and , in the form , which in modern texts is nothing but basic energy conservation with a photon emitted or absorbed as the case may be. Bohr, however, resisted the concept of photons for many years, until about 1925. In his 1922 Nobel lecture Bohr expressed his opposition in the following words: "In spite of its heuristic value the hypothesis of light quanta, which is quite irreconcilable with the so-called interference phenomena, is not able to throw light on the nature of radiation." Einstein was invited to receive his prize at the same event, but could not come, because of his journey to Japan. Thus the world missed the opportunity to witness an early discussion between these two giants of physics about the nature of light.

The connection between Einstein and Bohr, which the Nobel Committee for physics saw, was made manifest by the two Nobel Prizes decided in 1922: the reserved one from the earlier year to Einstein and the current one to Bohr.

The Nobel Prize to Arthur Holly Compton (1927)

Early in 1923 Arnold Sommerfeld visited the USA and wrote to Bohr: "The most interesting thing ..is the work of Compton in St Louis.... After it the wave theory of X-rays will become invalid."

Compton had followed up an observation that some parts of X-rays were scattered away from the beam direction with a longer wave length than the incoming radiation. He measured the shift in wave-length very accurately. The shift is impossible to understand on classical wave theory. Compton's own explanation for the scattering process was as in terms of a collision between two particles - one being a free electron, the other a photon.

Arthur Holly Compton

Based on quantum theory and relativistic kinematics Compton calculated what shift of wave length to expect on this theory using the laws of energy and momentum conservation. His measurements agreed perfectly with the predictions. Compton used an X-ray spectrometer for accurate measurements of the wave-length of the scattered radiation, which consists of two components - one shifted and one with no shift. The shifted component is due to scattering against free or almost free electrons, so that they may recoil, thereby taking up momentum and a sizeable amount of energy, whereas the unshifted component is due to scattering against bound electrons, in which case the whole atom or even crystal takes up momentum but only a negligible amount of energy.

The understanding of how such a spectrometer as used by Compton functions is based on the wave theory of X-rays. By this he found that X-rays scatter as particles. This fact illustrates clearly the dual nature of light.

Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927, sharing it with C.T.R.Wilson for his cloud chamber, with which Wilson had observed the recoil electrons from the X-ray beam, thus giving strong support for the validity of the Compton process.

Did the Academy now finally award the prize for the discovery of the particle nature of light? The answer is no.

In the evaluation report one finds a sentence saying that Compton's theory must now be considered obsolete in view of the latest theories. Thus the particle picture is not accepted.

The position taken by the Nobel Committee is understandable, since at the time of Compton's Nobel Prize there was no good theory for the differential cross section based on the photon concept. Such theories were still in the future. But there were theories based on the wave picture, treating both the electrons and the X-radiation as waves, also giving the correct wave length shift.

The Compton effect had been assessed by the Nobel Committee already in 1925 and 1926 and had found the theory very unsatisfactory. However, in 1927 that had changed. The new evaluation was carried out by Carl Wilhelm Oseen, professor of Mechanics and Mathematical Physics at Uppsala University. He did a thorough study for the Committee. He began by recalling the great interest by which Compton's discovery in 1922 had been met, much due to the theory offered by Compton himself. He writes (my translation from Swedish) "it is not surprising that the agreement of this theory with observations inspired with less critical representatives for theoretical physics the thought that, the lengthy fight between the wave theory and the corpuscular theory would be nearing its end. Compton's discovery was by these scientists taken as the decisive proof for the truth of the corpuscular theory. If these expectations had been fulfilled, the discovery by Compton would undoubtedly had marked a decisive turning point in the development of the whole of the radiation theory". Oseen set out to show that this is not so. His view was that the new effect, discovered by Compton, is nevertheless, very important.

Oseen describes how the Bohr theory had fallen by 1925 and that the Compton effect had nothing to do with that. He mentions how matrix-mechanics and wave-mechanics have entered the stage without inspiration from the Compton effect. The oldest theories for the Compton effect were given by Compton, and 'Debijes' (Debye) and Woos. Being based on the theory of light quanta "they have been of value to experimental research, but must now be considered obsolete in view of the latest theories". Oseen mentions several such newer works, especially that by Gordon and a recent one by O. Klein, based on the wave theory, treating both electrons and light as waves. They all arrive at the same equations for the conservation of energy and momentum between the scattered wave and the recoiling electron as originally derived by Compton assuming a two-particle collision. "The basis for the Compton-Debije theory is thus found, this time not as a hypothesis but as a consequence of the atomic theory," is a conclusion by Oseen, which justifies his judgement of the former being obsolete. These wave mechanical treatments, furthermore, also gave formulae for the intensity vs scattering angle (i.e. differential cross section) in much better agreement with measurements than the classical wave theory prediction.

Oseen summarised by saying that the revolution during the last 18 months had been independent of Compton's discovery and that the new direction for the revolution had moved opposite to the one expected after Compton's discovery. The new theory is a wave theory in a higher degree than any previous theory. Using the new theory it has been possible to give a qualitatively and quantitatively correct account of the Compton effect.

The Committee emphasised that the Compton effect is nevertheless important, since it once more and very clearly and convincingly demonstrates that the classical theories are not applicable in the realm of atomic physics and that it offers a valuable and welcome possibility to test the new ideas.

Prizes for the Discoveries of the Dual Nature of Matter

The dual nature of light has been extended to a similar duality in matter as well. Electrons and atoms were originally considered as corpuscles. In 1929 Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for "his discovery of the wave nature of electrons". Experimental proofs were given by Clinton Joseph Davisson, New York, and Sir George Paget Thomson from London. They were jointly awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1937. Ever since Erwin Schrödinger in 1925 discovered the nonrelativistic wave equation for the electron wave mechanics has been a valuable tool for the natural sciences. Schrödinger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.

Вновь обратимся к сайту Би-би-си - у них для нас приготовлен подарок с "газетной" лексикой, да еще и с примерами.

• on the sidelines - в кулуарах

The leaders of four European countries have met on the sidelines of the European Union summit in Brussels, to consider the direction of EU defence policy.

Лидеры четырех европейских стран встретились в кулуарах брюссельского саммита Евросоюза, чтобы обсудить направления европейской оборонной политики

• war of words - словесная перепалка

Sunday's newspapers assess the war of words between the British and American intelligence agencies over the Iraq war.
Воскресные газеты анализируют словесную перепалку британской и американской разведок по поводу войны в Ираке.

• power broker - влиятельная фигура

He's been one of the most eccentric power brokers in world politics.

Он является одной из самых эксцентричных влиятельных фигур в мировой политике.

• sticking point - камень преткновения

Jerusalem remains a sticking point for Palestinian and Israeli leaders that impedes efforts to find a way out from the Middle East deadlock.

Статус Иерусалима продолжает оставаться камнем преткновения для палестинских и израильских политиков. И это затрудняет усилия по поиску путей выхода из Ближневосточного тупика.

• law-enforcement bodies - правоохранительные органы

Russian law-enforcement bodies are reported to tighten security at health resorts in the South of the country.

Согласно сообщениям, российские правоохранительные органы планируют усилить меры безопасности на южных курортах страны.

 Остальное здесь.

Здесь привожу таблицу, которую мне любезно подарил Homarus. Разные рыбки с переводом на английский и норвежский язык.

рус-англ-норв

треска атлантическая – cod - torsk

сайда – saithe - sei

пикша – haddog - hyse

атлантический белокорый палтус - atlantic halibut - kveite

синекорый палтус - greenland halibut - blеkveite

морская камбала - carrelet, scolle, plaice - rødspette

золотистый морской окунь - redfish - uer

сельдь - herring - sild

скумбрия – mackerel - makrell

обыкновенная полосатая зубатка – catfish - grеsteinbit

пятнистая (пёстрая) зубатка - spotted sea cat, wolffish - flekksteinbit

синяя зубатка, синюха - nothern wolffish - blеsteinbit

мойва – capelin - lodde

сайка, арктическая тресочка – polar cod - polartorsk

- бухгалтерия

- нефть и газ

- морское дело

- биология

- математика и механика

- геология

и т.д.

Советую скачать, пока они есть в доступе, а то в наши времена могут закрыть!

В разделе Listening можно скачать записи разных историй на английском и слушать.

Также есть очень полезный раздел для тех, кто изучает язык в ВУЗе или школе. Называется он Themes, в нем собраны статьи и заметки по различных темам: от глобального потепления до банковского дела.

Конечно же, есть раздел Грамматика.

И самая конфетка (особенно для деток) - это возможность изучения языка через он-лайн Игры.

Наслаждайтесь!

И особая благодарность тому, кто подсказал мне этот сайт. ;)

У них также, как и на французском радио есть страничка для изучающих английский язык, где есть очень много всяких разностей, что я даже за один раз не успела все просмотреть - глаза разбежались. Скажу о том, на что я обратила внимание, а вы уж там покопайтесь как следует - там много всего стоящего, может еще чего интересного найдете.

Во-первых, раздел Курс делового английского. В нем есть несколько программ на выбор.

Грамматика и вокабуляр английского языка - раздел показался мне немного скучным, но, может, я плохо смотрела. Зато там можно задавать вопросы по грамматике, на которые тебе ответят!

У них даже есть свой блог для изучающих английский язык!  

Больше всего меня порадовал раздел Pronunciation tips. Я из тех, кто гонится за британским произношением в своей английской речи, поэтому я с восторгом принялась прослушивать упражнения и повторять за диктором. Ура! Меня теперь от компа не оттащить!

Есть раздел Welcome to London, где можно прослушать записи о том, где остановится, где покушать, куда пойти в столице Англии.

Есть совершенно бесконечный раздел News in English, где можно не только прослушать новость, но и посмотреть ее транскрипт, к котому еще дается и список слов, которые могут вызвать затруднения. Просто сказка!

Нашла-таки программы для скачивания - вот здесь. Правда, они пишут, что по copyright reasons аудиофайлы не всегда доступны.

В общем, я пойду пока дальше смотреть, что там еще есть интересного, чего и вам советую!

Ням!

Береженого Бог бережет - The Lord helps those who help

В тихом омуте черти водятся - Still waters run deep

В Тулу со своим самоваром не ездят - Don't carry coals to Newcastle (недавно узнала этот английский вариант во время поездки в Полярный, Антон ;) )

Горбатого могила исправит - The leopard cannot change his spots

Долг платежом красен - One good turn deserves another

Дуракам закон не писан - There is no law for fools

Кашу маслом не испортишь - You can't have too much of a good thing

Клин клином вышибают - Fight fire with fire

Лиха беда начало - The first step is the hardest

Нашла коса на камень - To meet one's match

Не плюй в колодец - пригодиться воды напиться - Actions can boomerang

Овчинка не стоит выделки - The game isn't worth the candle

Рыбак рыбака видит издалека - Birds of a feather flock together

Семь раз отмерь, один - отрежь - Look before you leap

Тише едешь - дальше будешь - Slow and steady wins the race

У семи нянек дитя без глазу - Many commanders sink the ship/Everyone's business is nobody's business

Утро вечера мудренее - Sleep on it

Яблоко от яблони недалеко катится - Like father, like son

Если у Вас еще будут варианты переводов пословиц, делитесь!

Ниже привожу список наиболее употребляемых идиом.

больной вопрос - touchy subject

бросать камешки в чей-либо огород - to make a dig at someone

это камешки в мой огород? - was that aimed at me?

биться как рыба об лед - try desperately

бить ключом - go on full speed ahead

валять дурака - fool around (также означает "флиртовать")

выводить на чистую воду - to show someone's true colors, unmask

выходить сухим из воды - to emerge unscathed

делать из мухи слона - to make a mountain out of a mole-hill

доверяй но проверяй - trust but verify

закинуть удочку - test the waters

легок на помине - speak of the devil

лезть из кожи вон - go out of one's way, bend over backwards

ложка дегтя в бочке меда - rotten apple spoils the barrel

на худой конец - if worst comes to worst

не в своей тарелке - ill at ease

несолоно хлебавши - empty-handed

после дождичка в четверг - when pigs fly

принимать за чистую монету - take a face value

рыльце в пуху - guilt is evident

смотреть сквозь пальцы - turn a blind eye to

собака на сене - like a dog in a manger

убить двух зайцев - kill two birds with one stone